Raw Material

Adamastream Raw Material

Adamastream excels in the production of exceptionally precise industrial components crafted from hard materials such as synthetic ruby, synthetic sapphire, ceramics, and carbide. As a foremost manufacturer, they specialize in these durable materials to ensure top quality and performance in demanding industrial applications.

Sapphire & Ruby

Diamond

Tungsten carbide

Ceramic

The Dual Identity of Ruby and Sapphire

Corundum, the second hardest natural mineral, is known as ruby when red and sapphire in other colors. Both gemstones are highly durable and scratch-resistant, making them suitable for various applications. Despite their identical composition, rubies contain trace amounts of chromium, giving them their red color, while different internal structures are created during manufacturing. End users often do not realize that these gemstones are composed of the same material.

Characteristics

Hardness

With a hardness of 9 on the Mohs scale, corundum is second only to diamond. This exceptional hardness allows it to effectively resist scratches and surface wear during high-pressure waterjet cleaning, ensuring the nozzle maintains its precision and shape.

Wear Resistance

Corundum’s high mechanical strength enables it to withstand the impact and pressure of high-pressure water flow without cracking or deforming. This strength ensures the nozzle’s stability and reliability in demanding high-pressure environments.

Wear Resistance

Known for its excellent wear resistance, corundum retains its shape and performance over extended periods of high-pressure waterjet cleaning. This reduces the frequency of nozzle wear and replacement, enhancing operational efficiency.

Surface Smoothness

When processed, corundum achieves a very smooth surface, which helps to reduce water flow resistance and increase cleaning efficiency. Additionally, the smooth surface minimizes the wear caused by particles in the water flow on the nozzle.

Physical and Mechanical Properties

Properties	Unit	Value
Structure	/	Single Crystal
Chemical Formula	/	Al2O3
Index of refraction	/	No: 1.768 (c-axis)Ne: 1.760 (c-axis)
Infrared of penetrable index	%	>85
Specific Gravity	g/cm3	3.97
Theoretical Density	%	99.98
Hardness	Mohs	9
Tensile Strength	GPa	0.19
Compressive Strength	GPa	2.1
Flexural Strength	GPa	340~380
Dielectric Constant		11.5 parallel to C-axis9.3 perpendicular to C-axis
Dielectric Strength	V/cm	48000
Melting Point	°C	2000
Coefficient of Expansion	°C	4.3 x 10-6/°C (perpendicular to C-axis)5.4 x 10-6/°C (parallel to C-axis)
Specific Heat	J/kg.°C	750

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The Ultimate Hardness Champion on the Mohs Scale

Diamonds hold the highest score on the Mohs hardness scale, consisting of superior quality single crystal diamond. This makes them the hardest material known to exist on Earth. Interestingly, the perfect score of 10.0 on the Mohs scale signifies not merely a single point advancement over ruby but represents an exponential increase, emphasizing the non-linear nature of the scale.

Methods of Diamond Formation

Natural Formation

Natural diamonds are formed under high temperature and high pressure conditions deep within the Earth’s mantle over millions of years. These diamonds are brought to the surface through volcanic eruptions and are mined from kimberlite pipes or alluvial deposits.

High Pressure High Temperature (HPHT)

HPHT diamonds are synthetic diamonds created by mimicking the natural conditions of high pressure and high temperature in a laboratory. This method is widely used for producing both industrial-grade and gem-quality diamonds.

Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD)

CVD diamonds are created by depositing carbon atoms onto a substrate from a gas phase in a controlled environment. This method allows for the production of high-quality diamond films and single crystals under low pressure, making it suitable for a variety of industrial and technological applications.

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The Pinnacle of Hardness and Wear Resistance

Tungsten carbide, commonly referred to as cemented carbide, is a material known for its extreme hardness and excellent wear resistance. It is synthesized from tungsten and carbon through a powder metallurgy process. Tungsten carbide is widely used in cutting tools, drill bits, molds, and various wear-resistant equipment. Its main advantage is its ability to maintain stable performance under extreme working conditions such as high temperatures, high pressures, and high friction environments.

Characteristics

Hardness

Tungsten carbide has an extremely high hardness, close to that of diamond, making it an ideal material for manufacturing various wear-resistant tools.

Wear Resistance

Among all hard materials, tungsten carbide exhibits very high wear resistance, able to withstand prolonged friction without deformation.

Compressive Strength

Tungsten carbide has a high compressive strength, capable of resisting pressures up to 6000 MPa, making it suitable for high-pressure applications.

Heat Resistance

Tungsten carbide maintains its physical and chemical properties stable up to temperatures of 900°C.

Structural and Hardness Properties

Material	Hardness		WC (Grain size)	Co
Structure	HRA	HV	µm	wt%
WC-Co	～95.6	～2550	～0.3	0.5

Tungsten carbide, due to its exceptional properties, is widely used in:

Metal Processing

Manufacturing drill bits, milling cutters, turning tools, etc.

Mining and Drilling

Mining drill bits, oil field drilling tools.

Military and Defense

Penetrator tips for ballistic projectiles, etc.

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High Hardness and Heat Resistance

Ceramic materials are made from inorganic, non-metallic materials that are sintered at high temperatures. These materials typically exhibit high hardness, high melting points, excellent heat resistance, and good electrical insulation properties. In modern industry, the use of technical ceramics is increasingly widespread, including materials like alumina, silicon carbide, and silicon nitride.

Characteristics

Hardness

Ceramic materials have very high hardness, capable of resisting scratches and wear. High-Temperature Resistance: Most ceramics can operate at temperatures exceeding 1000°C without deformation.

Corrosion Resistance

Ceramics have excellent resistance to corrosion, highly effective against most acids and alkalis.

Electrical Insulation

Their high insulating properties make ceramics extensively used in the electronics industry.

Structural and Hardness Properties

Properties	Unit	Aluminia	Zirconia
Structure	/	Poly	Poly
Composition(wt %)	/	Al2O3	ZrO2
Purity	%	99.90	95
Density	g/cm3	3.90	6.00
Hardness	HV	1900	1200
Compression strength	MPa	2500	2000
Fusion Temperature	°C	1500	1000
Thermal Expansion	10%/K	8.20	10.50
Chemical Resistence	(Acids)	Excellent	Good
Chemical Resistence	(Bases)	Good	Good